Topics:
1. Partial report is the requirement to recall only part not all of what is seen. Partial report shows the fading of the visual sensory memory by not being able to recall any visual at all.
2. The serial position effect is recalling items from the beginning and the end of a list. It has two different effects, the primary effect referring to the better memory of items at the beginning. The recency effect is the better memory for the most recent items or items at the end.
3.
4. One mnemonic strategy is practice, repeating the action until it is easier to perform. Another mnemonic strategy is to get adequate sleep, a good night's rest.
5. Two causes of false memories are unrelated brain areas being activated and size of difference in neural activity.
Questions:
1. Working memory is the system that allows us to process information, the part of what is in mind that one is thinking about at any given moment. It is used by holding our thoughts in mind while doing something with them. Its limitations are that it is only a temporary store.
2. Forms of long-term memory are, explicit memory-the process involved when people remember specific information, implicit memory-the system underlying unconscious memories, declarative memory-the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory, semantic memory-the memory for knowledge about the world.
3. Procedural memory indicates that long-term memory is organized according to meaning because this involves motor skills, habit and other behaviors employed to achieve a goal.
4. We retrieve information from long-term memory by recalling information and moving it from long-term into working memory
5. Henry Molaison losing his declarative memory after suffering damage to the medial temporal lobe including the hypocampus indicates that the MTL and hypocampus play an important role in declarative memory. Henry Molaison could no longer make long-term memories or remember new experiences.
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Chapter 6 Questions
Topic:
1. Evidence that extinction does not eliminate an association is presented by Pavlov's experiment where the bell (CS) leads to the dog salivating (CR) even if the (US) food is no longer given. The dog still associates the ringing of the bell with food.
2. Drug administration is a classical conditioning trial because for example coffee drinkers may begin to feel activated and aroused, after smelling coffee which would be the conditioned stimulus. As well as drug addicts, for example heroin addicts can reduce their craving by simply seeing a needle and the feeling they get form inserting it into the skin, once again this would become the conditioned stimulus.
3. Edward L. Thorndike was a graduate student that was influenced by Darwin. He studied the idea of operant conditioning, creating the puzzle box to assess learning in animals.
4. Reinforcement and shaping are ways of getting an animal to display a behavior that it does not show on its own. For example skinner in his skinner box experiment rewarded the rat with food every time it pushed the lever. Shaping would involve rewarding for anything that resembles the desired behavior, this method allow for gradually reaching desired behavior by teaching the animal to distinguish which behavior is being reinforced.
5. Positive reinforcement increased the probability of the desired behavior to repeat by giving a reward in response to the correct behavior. While negative reinforcement involves the increasing of desired behavior through the removal of a unpleasant stimulus.
Questions:
1. Classical conditioning produces brain changes in drug addicted people by activating prefrontal cortex and various regions of the limbic system involved in the experience of reward. For example when one sees or smells food when hungry they anticipate the enjoying it. In the same way a drug addict activates these same receptor causing them to experience expectation of the high that will occur, after seeing drug cues.
2. Conditioned food aversions are the association of illness with food which can lead to high intolerance of the food. This association can be made even if the illness was not due to the food or if the illness occurs hours after the food was consumed. The sequence of events is key, the illness fallowing the smell or taste of the food.
3. CS provides information about when the US will occur. When the US is presented after the CS. The animal or person makes a prediction that the US will always fallow the CS. So then when the CS is presented the next time, the participant automatically expects the US because the US triggers association.
4. FI is a fixed interval a schedule in which the reinforcement is constantly provided upon each occurrence. The reward for the behavior is received only at a FI after the last reward occurred. FR is a fixed ratio. For every occurrence at of behavior at a fixed ratio a reward is received. VR is a variable ratio a schedule in which the reinforcement is received based on the number of times the behavior occurs. VI is a variable interval a schedule in which the reinforcement is received at random times after the behavior occurs.
5. Cognitive maps are visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. Edward Tolman conducted an experiment in which the results implied that rats learned cognitive maps. He had three groups of rats go through a maze with the goal of finding the "goal box". Group one is put through the maze with no reinforcement reward in the "goal box" at all. The second group is put through the maze with a reinforcement reward every time. The third group is put through the maze with a reinforcement reward only after the first ten trails. The fact that the rats in the third group showed a fast learning curve and immediately caught up to the second group, that always received a reward, after the first ten trials implies that the rats learned the cognitive map of the maze and used it when the reward was present.
1. Evidence that extinction does not eliminate an association is presented by Pavlov's experiment where the bell (CS) leads to the dog salivating (CR) even if the (US) food is no longer given. The dog still associates the ringing of the bell with food.
2. Drug administration is a classical conditioning trial because for example coffee drinkers may begin to feel activated and aroused, after smelling coffee which would be the conditioned stimulus. As well as drug addicts, for example heroin addicts can reduce their craving by simply seeing a needle and the feeling they get form inserting it into the skin, once again this would become the conditioned stimulus.
3. Edward L. Thorndike was a graduate student that was influenced by Darwin. He studied the idea of operant conditioning, creating the puzzle box to assess learning in animals.
4. Reinforcement and shaping are ways of getting an animal to display a behavior that it does not show on its own. For example skinner in his skinner box experiment rewarded the rat with food every time it pushed the lever. Shaping would involve rewarding for anything that resembles the desired behavior, this method allow for gradually reaching desired behavior by teaching the animal to distinguish which behavior is being reinforced.
5. Positive reinforcement increased the probability of the desired behavior to repeat by giving a reward in response to the correct behavior. While negative reinforcement involves the increasing of desired behavior through the removal of a unpleasant stimulus.
Questions:
1. Classical conditioning produces brain changes in drug addicted people by activating prefrontal cortex and various regions of the limbic system involved in the experience of reward. For example when one sees or smells food when hungry they anticipate the enjoying it. In the same way a drug addict activates these same receptor causing them to experience expectation of the high that will occur, after seeing drug cues.
2. Conditioned food aversions are the association of illness with food which can lead to high intolerance of the food. This association can be made even if the illness was not due to the food or if the illness occurs hours after the food was consumed. The sequence of events is key, the illness fallowing the smell or taste of the food.
3. CS provides information about when the US will occur. When the US is presented after the CS. The animal or person makes a prediction that the US will always fallow the CS. So then when the CS is presented the next time, the participant automatically expects the US because the US triggers association.
4. FI is a fixed interval a schedule in which the reinforcement is constantly provided upon each occurrence. The reward for the behavior is received only at a FI after the last reward occurred. FR is a fixed ratio. For every occurrence at of behavior at a fixed ratio a reward is received. VR is a variable ratio a schedule in which the reinforcement is received based on the number of times the behavior occurs. VI is a variable interval a schedule in which the reinforcement is received at random times after the behavior occurs.
5. Cognitive maps are visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. Edward Tolman conducted an experiment in which the results implied that rats learned cognitive maps. He had three groups of rats go through a maze with the goal of finding the "goal box". Group one is put through the maze with no reinforcement reward in the "goal box" at all. The second group is put through the maze with a reinforcement reward every time. The third group is put through the maze with a reinforcement reward only after the first ten trails. The fact that the rats in the third group showed a fast learning curve and immediately caught up to the second group, that always received a reward, after the first ten trials implies that the rats learned the cognitive map of the maze and used it when the reward was present.
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
Chapter 5 Questions
Topics:
1. The process of transduction consists of the brian taking the surrounding environment and interpreting it. The sensory receptors producing a neural impulse when it receives physical or chemical stimulation.
2. Threshold is how much you need in order to get a response. Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus that must happen before experiencing a sensation. Difference in threshold is the minimum change in volume in order to detect the difference.
3. The receptors for sound are in the Basilar membrane of the cochlea. By the vibration of sound waves in this membrane hairs on the cells bend activating receptors for sound.
4. The three psychological dimensions for color are Hue, Brightness, and saturation. Hue depends on light's dominant wavelength, brightness is the colors intensity, and saturation is the colors purity.
5. Oposite color is the sensitivity to difference. Our visual system exaggerates contrast and makes boundaries more prominent.
Question:
1. Hits is being correct, saying yes when the stimulus is present. False alarm is being incorrect, saying yes when no stimulus is present. Participants can have response bias, for example if they have a tendency to say yes the hit and false alarm both go up. The researchers then graph this and the farther they are away from being equal the higher the sensitivity to the signal.
2. Light is transformed into neural signals in the outer segment of the Rods and Cones. First light hits the retina and then travels to the Rods and Cones. Then i reaches the ganglion cells which collectively their axons create the optic nerve which carries the action potential to the thalamus which in turn send the signal down to the left and right visual cortex.
3. Color is a human observer property. Color depends on three underlined components cones sensitivity to light, wavelength and differences in light. Shorter wave lengths appear blue to violet, medium length waves appear yellows to greens and longer waves appear reds to oranges. There are three different cones . Each cone has the receptors for either short, medium, or long wave lengths.
4. The fact that we can see two objects of the same length appear to be different hight indicates that our ability to perceive the identity of an object is somewhat separate from our perception of the location. You perceive images in your temporal lobe and you locate them in the Parietal lobe. For example people who suffer from damage to the temporal lobe suffer from Agnosia, they can look at an object and not know what it is but they do know where it is.
5. We are able to perceive objects in three dimensional by our depth perception. The closer the object is the higher the difference the better detection of the object. We have binocular disparity that is greatest for objects that are near and gets smaller for objects that are farther away.
1. The process of transduction consists of the brian taking the surrounding environment and interpreting it. The sensory receptors producing a neural impulse when it receives physical or chemical stimulation.
2. Threshold is how much you need in order to get a response. Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus that must happen before experiencing a sensation. Difference in threshold is the minimum change in volume in order to detect the difference.
3. The receptors for sound are in the Basilar membrane of the cochlea. By the vibration of sound waves in this membrane hairs on the cells bend activating receptors for sound.
4. The three psychological dimensions for color are Hue, Brightness, and saturation. Hue depends on light's dominant wavelength, brightness is the colors intensity, and saturation is the colors purity.
5. Oposite color is the sensitivity to difference. Our visual system exaggerates contrast and makes boundaries more prominent.
Question:
1. Hits is being correct, saying yes when the stimulus is present. False alarm is being incorrect, saying yes when no stimulus is present. Participants can have response bias, for example if they have a tendency to say yes the hit and false alarm both go up. The researchers then graph this and the farther they are away from being equal the higher the sensitivity to the signal.
2. Light is transformed into neural signals in the outer segment of the Rods and Cones. First light hits the retina and then travels to the Rods and Cones. Then i reaches the ganglion cells which collectively their axons create the optic nerve which carries the action potential to the thalamus which in turn send the signal down to the left and right visual cortex.
3. Color is a human observer property. Color depends on three underlined components cones sensitivity to light, wavelength and differences in light. Shorter wave lengths appear blue to violet, medium length waves appear yellows to greens and longer waves appear reds to oranges. There are three different cones . Each cone has the receptors for either short, medium, or long wave lengths.
4. The fact that we can see two objects of the same length appear to be different hight indicates that our ability to perceive the identity of an object is somewhat separate from our perception of the location. You perceive images in your temporal lobe and you locate them in the Parietal lobe. For example people who suffer from damage to the temporal lobe suffer from Agnosia, they can look at an object and not know what it is but they do know where it is.
5. We are able to perceive objects in three dimensional by our depth perception. The closer the object is the higher the difference the better detection of the object. We have binocular disparity that is greatest for objects that are near and gets smaller for objects that are farther away.
Monday, September 27, 2010
Chapter 3 Questions
Topic:
1. The difference between genotype and phenotype is that genotype it the genetic factor. While phenotype is the structural appearance.
2. Motor neurons direct muscles to contract or relax. Sensory neurons detect information the physical world around us to the brain. interneurons communicate information within a single area of the brain versus from the brain to the rest of the body.
3. dopamine is a derivative from protein. It communicates pleasure, motivation and motor control.
4. The amygdala is a brain structure located in the front of the hippocampus. Its main function is to associate things with emotion.
5. Learning may be represented in the brain by the neurons. connections between neurons may become stronger or new neuron connections may be created.
Questions:
1. Monozygotic twins are twins that are born from one zygote splitting into to two. Therefore both would share the exact same genes. Dizygote twins are born from two separate eggs that become fertilized. Thus each zygote has its own genes. We can compare each ones similarities to determine if behavior is partly caused by genetics. For example if monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins it would imply that genetics has an influence on psychology.
2. The difference between axons and dendrites is that the axon is what carries the action potential. While the dendrites are the media that passes the stimulation on to the next neuron at the synapse. The axon is the stimuli carrier and the dendrites are transporter of the stimuli from one neuron to the next and receive the stimuli as well.
3. The resting potential is when the neuron is not active and the electrical charge inside the neuron is slightly more negative than the charge on the outside of the neuron. It is said to be polarized. An action potential also known as the neural firing is the chemical signal that passes along the axon when the neuron is active, and caused the release of chemicals that transmit the signal to other neurons.
4. Neurotransmitters allow one neuron to communicate with another by being released across the synaptic cleft and opening ion channels into another neuron and creating another action potential.
5. The four lobes that form the brain are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and the occipital lobe. The frontal lobe processes thoughts and movements, the parietal lobe processes the sense of touch, the temporal lobe processes hearing and memory, and the occipital lobe processes vision.
1. The difference between genotype and phenotype is that genotype it the genetic factor. While phenotype is the structural appearance.
2. Motor neurons direct muscles to contract or relax. Sensory neurons detect information the physical world around us to the brain. interneurons communicate information within a single area of the brain versus from the brain to the rest of the body.
3. dopamine is a derivative from protein. It communicates pleasure, motivation and motor control.
4. The amygdala is a brain structure located in the front of the hippocampus. Its main function is to associate things with emotion.
5. Learning may be represented in the brain by the neurons. connections between neurons may become stronger or new neuron connections may be created.
Questions:
1. Monozygotic twins are twins that are born from one zygote splitting into to two. Therefore both would share the exact same genes. Dizygote twins are born from two separate eggs that become fertilized. Thus each zygote has its own genes. We can compare each ones similarities to determine if behavior is partly caused by genetics. For example if monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins it would imply that genetics has an influence on psychology.
2. The difference between axons and dendrites is that the axon is what carries the action potential. While the dendrites are the media that passes the stimulation on to the next neuron at the synapse. The axon is the stimuli carrier and the dendrites are transporter of the stimuli from one neuron to the next and receive the stimuli as well.
3. The resting potential is when the neuron is not active and the electrical charge inside the neuron is slightly more negative than the charge on the outside of the neuron. It is said to be polarized. An action potential also known as the neural firing is the chemical signal that passes along the axon when the neuron is active, and caused the release of chemicals that transmit the signal to other neurons.
4. Neurotransmitters allow one neuron to communicate with another by being released across the synaptic cleft and opening ion channels into another neuron and creating another action potential.
5. The four lobes that form the brain are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and the occipital lobe. The frontal lobe processes thoughts and movements, the parietal lobe processes the sense of touch, the temporal lobe processes hearing and memory, and the occipital lobe processes vision.
Wednesday, September 15, 2010
Chapter 1 Questions
Topic:
1. FMRI stands for funcrtional magnetic resonance imaging. Its a method of scanning the brain for activity. It is an important tool because it allows the detection of what parts of the brain are activated.
2. Emperical means a well conducted research to observe or examine how things work. Psychology is empirical because in order to understand how the mind works psychologist must perform studies. Being systematic. What we're able to know through our senses.
3. An example of an adaptive value of the mind would be the ability to evolve or better the skills of the mind in order to increase survival. Such as men being stronger than women in order to protect the offspring to ensure the passing of DNA into future generations.
4. Psychology became a dicipline roughly around 18th through the 3rd centures BCE. The main founders were Greeks and Chinese.
5. Two perfessions that make use of psychology would be for example care givers, they must know how individuals think, react, function. Advisers as well mush understand how individuals atitudes are changed or enhanced.
Questions:
1. Psychological science is the study of the mind and brain. Mind being the mental activity of the brain . How we percieve things in the world around us. For example how we reacdt or experience our sense of smell, touch, sight, taste, hear. The brain being how we are able to experience these sensations through nerves, cells, neurons, of the brain.
2. The mind and the brain are related in the way that the mind is what we experience, our senses our thoughts and ideas. The brain is related to our mind in that it is the machinery of sorts. Our brain works to produce the sensations that we experience. Rene Decartes introduced the idea of dualism. the mind is a product of the brain action.
3. The levels of analysis are Biological, how the physical body contributes to the mind and human behaviors, Individual analysis level involves individual differences of personality, character, how people see dthe world around them. Social level deals with how people interact and socialize with eachother and influence ones behaviors. Cultural level being the different cultures behaviors of the people and the beliefs and values of individual groups in society. Different points of view from which to look at psychology.
4. Womens contributions to psychology were very underminded. Men had trouble accepting the equality of women knowledge of psychology to theirs. In the 19th century women were not allowed equal educatrion as men. since then we have had the 1st women set up psychology laboratory. and The first women president of the American Psychological Association in 1905, Mary Calkins. Since then women have been allowed equal educational oportunities and success in the psychological field of study. Margaret Washburn.
5. Critical thinking is a systematic way of evaluating information and using it to reach a conclusion of sorts. Thinking with the goal of reaching some kind of conclusion for example while making a decision or solving a problem. You can improve you critical thinking skills by applying them to your every day routine and learning to use them in the class room or work place.
1. FMRI stands for funcrtional magnetic resonance imaging. Its a method of scanning the brain for activity. It is an important tool because it allows the detection of what parts of the brain are activated.
2. Emperical means a well conducted research to observe or examine how things work. Psychology is empirical because in order to understand how the mind works psychologist must perform studies. Being systematic. What we're able to know through our senses.
3. An example of an adaptive value of the mind would be the ability to evolve or better the skills of the mind in order to increase survival. Such as men being stronger than women in order to protect the offspring to ensure the passing of DNA into future generations.
4. Psychology became a dicipline roughly around 18th through the 3rd centures BCE. The main founders were Greeks and Chinese.
5. Two perfessions that make use of psychology would be for example care givers, they must know how individuals think, react, function. Advisers as well mush understand how individuals atitudes are changed or enhanced.
Questions:
1. Psychological science is the study of the mind and brain. Mind being the mental activity of the brain . How we percieve things in the world around us. For example how we reacdt or experience our sense of smell, touch, sight, taste, hear. The brain being how we are able to experience these sensations through nerves, cells, neurons, of the brain.
2. The mind and the brain are related in the way that the mind is what we experience, our senses our thoughts and ideas. The brain is related to our mind in that it is the machinery of sorts. Our brain works to produce the sensations that we experience. Rene Decartes introduced the idea of dualism. the mind is a product of the brain action.
3. The levels of analysis are Biological, how the physical body contributes to the mind and human behaviors, Individual analysis level involves individual differences of personality, character, how people see dthe world around them. Social level deals with how people interact and socialize with eachother and influence ones behaviors. Cultural level being the different cultures behaviors of the people and the beliefs and values of individual groups in society. Different points of view from which to look at psychology.
4. Womens contributions to psychology were very underminded. Men had trouble accepting the equality of women knowledge of psychology to theirs. In the 19th century women were not allowed equal educatrion as men. since then we have had the 1st women set up psychology laboratory. and The first women president of the American Psychological Association in 1905, Mary Calkins. Since then women have been allowed equal educational oportunities and success in the psychological field of study. Margaret Washburn.
5. Critical thinking is a systematic way of evaluating information and using it to reach a conclusion of sorts. Thinking with the goal of reaching some kind of conclusion for example while making a decision or solving a problem. You can improve you critical thinking skills by applying them to your every day routine and learning to use them in the class room or work place.
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