Chapter 6 Questions

Topic:
1. Evidence that extinction does not eliminate an association is presented by Pavlov's experiment where the bell (CS) leads to the dog salivating (CR) even if the (US) food is no longer given. The dog still associates the ringing of the bell with food.
2. Drug administration is a classical conditioning trial because for example coffee drinkers may begin to feel activated and aroused, after smelling coffee which would be the conditioned stimulus. As well as drug addicts, for example heroin addicts can reduce their craving by simply seeing a needle and the feeling they get form inserting it into the skin, once again this would become the conditioned stimulus.
3. Edward L. Thorndike was a graduate student that was influenced by Darwin. He studied the idea of operant conditioning, creating the puzzle box to assess learning in animals.
4. Reinforcement and shaping are ways of getting an animal to display a behavior that it does not show on its own. For example skinner in his skinner box experiment rewarded the rat with food every time it pushed the lever. Shaping would involve rewarding for anything that resembles the desired behavior, this method allow for gradually reaching desired behavior by teaching the animal to distinguish which behavior is being reinforced.
5. Positive reinforcement increased the probability of the desired behavior to repeat by giving a reward in response to the correct behavior. While negative reinforcement involves the increasing of desired behavior through the removal of a unpleasant stimulus.

Questions: 
1. Classical conditioning produces brain changes in drug addicted people by activating prefrontal cortex and various regions of the limbic system involved in the experience of reward. For example when one sees or smells food when hungry they anticipate the enjoying it. In the same way a drug addict activates these same receptor causing them to experience expectation of the high that will occur,  after seeing drug cues.
2. Conditioned food aversions are the association of illness with food which can lead to high intolerance of the food. This association can be made even if the illness was not due to the food or if the illness occurs hours after the food was consumed. The sequence of events is key, the illness fallowing the smell or taste of the food.
3. CS provides information about when the US will occur. When the US is presented after the CS. The animal or person makes a prediction that the US will always fallow the CS. So then when the CS is presented the next time, the participant automatically expects the US because the US triggers association.
4. FI is a fixed interval a schedule in which the reinforcement is constantly provided upon each occurrence. The reward for the behavior is received only at a FI after the last reward occurred. FR is a fixed ratio. For every occurrence at of  behavior at a fixed ratio a reward is received. VR is a variable ratio a schedule in which the reinforcement is received based on the number of times the behavior occurs. VI is a variable interval a schedule in which the reinforcement is received at random times after the behavior occurs.
5. Cognitive maps are visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. Edward Tolman conducted an experiment in which the results implied that rats learned cognitive maps.  He had three groups of rats go through a maze with the goal of finding the "goal box". Group one is put through the maze with no reinforcement reward in the "goal box" at all. The second group is put through the maze with a reinforcement reward every time. The third group is put through the maze with a reinforcement reward only after the first ten trails. The fact that the rats in the third group showed a fast learning curve and immediately caught up to the second group, that always received a reward, after the first ten trials implies that the rats learned the cognitive map of the maze and used it when the reward was present.