Topics
1. Attitudes are predictive of behavior because attitudes may lead people to do or not do something. If you have a good attitude about something you are more likely to perform that action or behavior.
2. Implicit attitudes are ones that influence feelings and behaviors unconciously. While Explicit attitudes are ones you know about and can report to other or recall.
3. cognative dissonance is invloved in changing attitudes. It is an uncomfortable mental state due to conflict between attitudes or attitudes and behaviors, an inconsistancy between attitudes and behaviors.
4. Personal attributions is attributing an action a person takes to how that person is, personality, traits of that person. This leads to taking more impression of the person.
5. Jigsaw Classroom is a way of breaking up the work and responsabilities. In this situation you would make different people responsible for different parts of an assignment in class. Then you would ask them to come together and teach eacher other what they found.
Questions
1. Attitudes are evalutions of objects, events, and ideas. Feeling, opinions and beliefs about something. One source of attitudes is familiarity, how well we know something or someone. The more familiar we are the higher the positive attitude towards it. Having more exposure to it. Another source would be classical conditioning, responding to something more favorably by association. For example one may be more likely to buy a product if indorsed by a celebrity, someone famous they recognize. Then there is operant conditioning, having positive feelings towards things that lead to a reward. For example one may have a positive attitude about raking leaves if they know they will get paid when done. Last there is socialization, what we feel because of others. We may be influenced by friends or family which lead us to have a certain attitude about something because they do.
2. Attitudes can be changed by cognitive dissonance. Experiencing tension because of inconsistancy between attitudes and behaviors. This can lead to one changing their attitude to agree with their behavior. So by getting someone to behave counter attituively can cause them to change their attitude to agree. Persuasion can also be a method of changing someones attitude. Getting someone to do something that is inconsistant or contradictory in the direction of which we want them to move their attitude will cause them to shift their attitude to agree with their behavior. For example people who say smoking is bad, but they smoke can cause them to change their attitude about smoking, maybe saying that smoking isn't really bad so that agrees with their behavior which would be smoking.
3. Attributions are an explanation about someones behavior. They are what we believe causes peoples behaviors and our impressions of them. There are two types personal attribuitons and situational attributions. Personal attributions would be attributing actions a person takes to their personality or traits, how that person is. This leads attributing our impression of the person to the person them selves. For example know a person is really emotional and they cry through a movie we may attribute that impression to the fact that we know the person has an emotional personality. Situational attributions are actions a person takes due to the environment or external event. We attribute our impression of the person to the environment around them. For example a child acting up and crying on a hot summer day. We may say the child was upset because of the heat.
4. Stereotypes are what we think about other people based on their groups. Stereotypes can be self-fullfilling in the sense that when people think others beleive something about them they tend to take on those expectations. For example if a teacher thinks a student is very bright and intelligent, that student may tend to work harder in class and do better to live up to those expectations.
5.Stereotypes can be changed through cooperation. Getting different stereotypes to come together and work on a common task. Finding shared superordinate goals between them. One way researchers have found to acomplish this is the Jigsaw classroom making different people take on different tasks on a subject or problem then forcing them in sorts to come together and teach each other what they found, interact with each other.
Sunday, November 21, 2010
Chapter 9 Questions
Topics
1. Negative feedback effect is one that terminates what started it. In motivation it would be forexample being over weight so that would modivate you to excersise and lose the weight.
2. Yerkes Dosdon Law states that aroudal increases performance to an optimal point. Optimum is found in between point of arousal. For example to low of motivation is not good and to high is not good finding just the right amount of motivation makes an up an optimum. Not everyones is the same.
3. We can set goal that we can attain by breaking down larger goals in to a series of smaller ones. We can use self-regulation by changing or altering our behaviors to attain a goal.
4. Flavor variety motivates eating by creating more options for us to choose from. The more options we have the more we tend to eat. For example a buffet line would lead to consuming more food because of all the different choices available.
5. There are four major hormones involved in arousal, testosterone, estrogen, progestrone, and oxytocin. Testosterone is found mainly in the male testes, estrogen and progestrone is found in the female ovaries and oxytocin is in the pituitary. Testosterone and oxytocin are more involved in sexual arousal.
Questions
1. Motivation is what gets people to do things, draws them into ation. Needs comes into play with motivation for example at the biological level. If a person is thirsty they need something to drink therefore they will be motivation to get something to drink to satify that need. There are other levels of motivation, for example social level. The need to be with other people or around other people, socailizing. Needs tend to lead to some actinon that encuorages the behavior that satisfys the need. Needs lead to a drive, what encourages the behavior that satisfys the need.
2.Intrinsic motivation is what we do for self satisfaction or pleasure. Doing something for its own sake. Extinsic motivation is what we do in order to get something else a reward of sorts. For example playing a game that you like would be intrinsic motivation. While going to work would be extrinsic motivation because you may not necessarly like to go to work but you do it for the money.
3. Two major roles of emotion would be feelings and cognitive beliefs. Things that we experience and how we feel about them would be involved with emotions. How or what we think about a person or experience would also involve emotion. What we experience can cause us to have a positive or negative emotion or both.
4. There are four major types of emotion that people feel. They may feel arousal, non arousal, positive or negative emotions. Arousal would be emotions that motivate you to do something. Non arousal emotions would be the opisite, they would lead you to not be motivated. Then there is positive emotions ones that make you feel good or happy. Opisite of that would be negative emotions, ones that make you feel sad or bad.
5. Emotion plays a role in the amygdala. The amygdala is where the emotion processing occurs. It is what generates imediate emotional and behavioral reactions to a stimuli. The prefrontal cortex also plays a role in emotion. The left prefrontal cortex deals with more positive emotions while the right deal with more negative emotions.
1. Negative feedback effect is one that terminates what started it. In motivation it would be forexample being over weight so that would modivate you to excersise and lose the weight.
2. Yerkes Dosdon Law states that aroudal increases performance to an optimal point. Optimum is found in between point of arousal. For example to low of motivation is not good and to high is not good finding just the right amount of motivation makes an up an optimum. Not everyones is the same.
3. We can set goal that we can attain by breaking down larger goals in to a series of smaller ones. We can use self-regulation by changing or altering our behaviors to attain a goal.
4. Flavor variety motivates eating by creating more options for us to choose from. The more options we have the more we tend to eat. For example a buffet line would lead to consuming more food because of all the different choices available.
5. There are four major hormones involved in arousal, testosterone, estrogen, progestrone, and oxytocin. Testosterone is found mainly in the male testes, estrogen and progestrone is found in the female ovaries and oxytocin is in the pituitary. Testosterone and oxytocin are more involved in sexual arousal.
Questions
1. Motivation is what gets people to do things, draws them into ation. Needs comes into play with motivation for example at the biological level. If a person is thirsty they need something to drink therefore they will be motivation to get something to drink to satify that need. There are other levels of motivation, for example social level. The need to be with other people or around other people, socailizing. Needs tend to lead to some actinon that encuorages the behavior that satisfys the need. Needs lead to a drive, what encourages the behavior that satisfys the need.
2.Intrinsic motivation is what we do for self satisfaction or pleasure. Doing something for its own sake. Extinsic motivation is what we do in order to get something else a reward of sorts. For example playing a game that you like would be intrinsic motivation. While going to work would be extrinsic motivation because you may not necessarly like to go to work but you do it for the money.
3. Two major roles of emotion would be feelings and cognitive beliefs. Things that we experience and how we feel about them would be involved with emotions. How or what we think about a person or experience would also involve emotion. What we experience can cause us to have a positive or negative emotion or both.
4. There are four major types of emotion that people feel. They may feel arousal, non arousal, positive or negative emotions. Arousal would be emotions that motivate you to do something. Non arousal emotions would be the opisite, they would lead you to not be motivated. Then there is positive emotions ones that make you feel good or happy. Opisite of that would be negative emotions, ones that make you feel sad or bad.
5. Emotion plays a role in the amygdala. The amygdala is where the emotion processing occurs. It is what generates imediate emotional and behavioral reactions to a stimuli. The prefrontal cortex also plays a role in emotion. The left prefrontal cortex deals with more positive emotions while the right deal with more negative emotions.
Saturday, November 20, 2010
Chapter 8 Questions
Topics
1. Phototype model is the "best example" for a category. Some example fit better than others.
2. People use scripts in thinking about other people. For example we form a schema or sequence of events that reminds of those people.
3. Decision making is choosing among alternatives. While problem solving is over coming obstacles to get to reach a goal.
4. We do forecasting by thinking how we would feel before an action or event. Making guesses about how we would feel. Our emotions.
5. Validity is the actual value of something. While reliability is how reliable something or someone is.
Question
1. Representations are used in thoughts as a heuristic, we base decisions on the extent to which option reflects what we already believe about the situation or person. There are two types of representations Symbolic and analogical. A symbolic representation is abstract it has no relation to physical objects. For example the word dog would be a symbolic representation of the animal. Analogical representations have characteristics of the actual object. For example a picture of a dog would be an analogical representation.
2.Expected utility theory is the normative model about decision making, how humans should do it. The basic idea is that one should first identify the options. Second, rank from most desirable to least desirable. Third, chose the most desirable. This theory shows how people tend to use heuristics instead. People are too "lazy" or want to make life easier therefore rely on heuristics or cues, bits of information to make a decision. People rely on their previous notions about their options to make there decision. Using the expected utility theory takes to much time and work.
3. Goals are involved in problem solving because people make goal but to reach those goals they must conquer obstacles first. So to conquer those obstacles they problem solve. They find solutions to the obstacles that are keeping them from reaching their goals.
4. The three major approaches to understanding intelligence are psychometric, cognitive, biological. Over the past researchers have found that intelligence scores relate closely to working memory.
5. There are three major types of intelligence, general, fluid and crystalized. General intelligence is the generalized factor behind mental abilities. Fluid intelligence is information processing complex circumstances. And crystalized intelligence is knowledge acquired and the ability of using that knowledge.
1. Phototype model is the "best example" for a category. Some example fit better than others.
2. People use scripts in thinking about other people. For example we form a schema or sequence of events that reminds of those people.
3. Decision making is choosing among alternatives. While problem solving is over coming obstacles to get to reach a goal.
4. We do forecasting by thinking how we would feel before an action or event. Making guesses about how we would feel. Our emotions.
5. Validity is the actual value of something. While reliability is how reliable something or someone is.
Question
1. Representations are used in thoughts as a heuristic, we base decisions on the extent to which option reflects what we already believe about the situation or person. There are two types of representations Symbolic and analogical. A symbolic representation is abstract it has no relation to physical objects. For example the word dog would be a symbolic representation of the animal. Analogical representations have characteristics of the actual object. For example a picture of a dog would be an analogical representation.
2.Expected utility theory is the normative model about decision making, how humans should do it. The basic idea is that one should first identify the options. Second, rank from most desirable to least desirable. Third, chose the most desirable. This theory shows how people tend to use heuristics instead. People are too "lazy" or want to make life easier therefore rely on heuristics or cues, bits of information to make a decision. People rely on their previous notions about their options to make there decision. Using the expected utility theory takes to much time and work.
3. Goals are involved in problem solving because people make goal but to reach those goals they must conquer obstacles first. So to conquer those obstacles they problem solve. They find solutions to the obstacles that are keeping them from reaching their goals.
4. The three major approaches to understanding intelligence are psychometric, cognitive, biological. Over the past researchers have found that intelligence scores relate closely to working memory.
5. There are three major types of intelligence, general, fluid and crystalized. General intelligence is the generalized factor behind mental abilities. Fluid intelligence is information processing complex circumstances. And crystalized intelligence is knowledge acquired and the ability of using that knowledge.
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