Chapter 8 Questions

Topics
1. Phototype model is the "best example" for a category. Some example fit better than others.
2. People use scripts in thinking about other people. For example we form a schema  or sequence of events that reminds of those people.
3. Decision making is choosing among alternatives. While problem solving is over coming obstacles  to get to reach a goal.
4. We do forecasting by thinking how we would feel before an action or event. Making guesses about how we would feel. Our emotions.
5. Validity is the actual value of something. While reliability is how reliable something or someone is.
Question 
1. Representations are used in thoughts as a heuristic, we base decisions on the extent to which option reflects what we already believe about the situation or person. There are two types of representations Symbolic and analogical. A symbolic representation is abstract it has no relation to physical objects. For example the word dog would be a symbolic representation of the animal. Analogical representations have characteristics of the actual object. For example a picture of a dog would be an analogical representation.
2.Expected utility theory is the normative model about decision making, how humans should do it. The basic idea is that one should first identify the options. Second, rank from most desirable to least desirable. Third, chose the most desirable. This theory shows how people tend to use heuristics instead. People are too "lazy" or want to make life easier therefore rely on heuristics or cues, bits of information to make a decision. People rely on their previous notions about their options to make there decision. Using the expected utility theory takes to much time and work.
3. Goals are involved in problem solving because people make goal but to reach those goals they must conquer obstacles first. So to conquer those obstacles they problem solve. They find solutions to the obstacles that are keeping them from reaching their goals.
4. The three major approaches to understanding intelligence are psychometric, cognitive, biological.  Over the past researchers have found that intelligence scores relate closely to working memory.
5. There are three major types of intelligence, general, fluid and crystalized. General intelligence is the generalized factor behind mental abilities. Fluid intelligence is information processing complex circumstances. And crystalized intelligence is knowledge acquired and the ability of using that knowledge.